IS IT PRACTICAL DIGITAL LEARNING APPLICATION FOR LEARNING 3D GRAPHIC DESIGN BASED ON AUGMENTED REALITY?

Learning Graphic Design requires a high level of visualization, especially for design concepts or 3D interior design. If this material is only taught through guided practice in class, the learning outcomes will certainly not be optimal, especially for vocational graduates in the current digital era. The research aims to test the practicality of digital learning applications based on augmented reality technology as a learning medium for 3D interior graphic design. The type of research is Research and Development (R&D) with the Borg and Gall Method, data collection techniques using Likert scale questionnaires, applications built using Blender for modelling, Unity 3D for Augmented Reality Implementation, Android Studio for designing applications, Firebase for database storage, and Fiqma to design the interface design. This research produces a digital learning application that is used for learning 3D interior graphic design which is equipped with learning needs such as classrooms, and communication rooms and is based on Augmented Reality technology so that the resulting interior design objects can be displayed in real-time. Aiken's V formula is used to test the practicality of digital learning applications. The research results showed that the average Aiken's V score from lecturers was 85.22% in the practical category, and students in the small group test was 82.96% and students in the large group test was 83.04% in the practical category. So, it can be concluded that the use of the DiGi.AR application based on Augmented Reality is good and practical for learning 3D graphic


Introduction
The current development of information and communication technology means that the learning process can be carried out from anywhere and at any time with Android-based learning (Ningsih & Adesti, 2020).Android is a new generation of Linux-based mobile platforms that includes an operating system, middleware, and applications (Falode et al., 2022).It is hoped that Android-based learning media can raise students' learning motivation and enable students to learn independently according to their abilities from anywhere and at any time (Ulfa et al., 2017).
The use of learning media in the current digital era, of course, cannot be separated from technological developments, such as Augmented Reality which really supports graphic design learning in order to display 3D design objects virtually, realistically, and in real-time so that learning becomes effective and fun (Elfeky & Elbyaly, 2021).Nowadays, there are more and more varied learning media used, which essentially functions as a tool to help lecturers interact with students in the learning process to make learning interesting and fun (Diah et al., 2021).Apart from that, the digital learning revolution also continues to develop, combining various scientific fields with technology, in this research, an Augmented Reality-based learning application was created which was named the DiGi.AR Application (Supriyanto et al., 2023).
This application is expected to help lecturers in the learning process, because based on current conditions, the learning process is still limited to using lecture methods, guided practice, and students only try to memorize the steps in making design objects so that learning becomes ineffective (Enzai et al., 2020).
Besides that, the ratio of lecturers who teach is 1:35 and the duration of learning time for practical learning is still insufficient because it is only 3 hours per week.Apart from that, in graphic design learning practice, lecturers only use textbooks that contain material with several images, and other media such as Mobile (cel lphone) media has not been utilized (Poláková, 2022).In fact, lecturers and students already have Android-based cell phones but have not used them to support the learning process (Triadiarti et al., 2021).In the current digital era, technological advances need to be utilized to support the learning process (Haleem et al., 2022), so that learning becomes effective, interesting, and fun (Akbar, 2016).
Based on the explanation above, technological advances such as Android and Augmented Reality can be a solution by creating a mobile-based learning application.In 3D interior graphic design courses (Chen et al., 2011) learning needs to be supported by mobile media that can be practically used at any time and from anywhere so that learning can be done independently (Mayefis, 2022).Students can repeat material on making design objects that they find difficult by watching the video tutorials provided in the application so that students' design skills can continue to be trained using the DiGi.AR application.Furthermore, the use of technology can really be felt in the world of education (Haleem et al., 2022).

Literature Review
This research product is implemented for learning 3-dimensional interior graphic design, by utilizing developments in digital technology as a learning medium.This application contains material in the form of video tutorials, creating design objects using the blender program, where the output can be displayed in the form of Augmented Reality, so this becomes something interesting and fun for students.All learning processes carried out in the classroom can also be carried out through this application, such as student attendance checks, presentation of material, question and answer or discussion processes, and giving or collecting assignments.The application is designed like E-learning which facilitates all learning needs so that students who previously did not fully understand the material in the classroom can repeat the explanation of the material again by following the video tutorials available in the application.This mobile application is also real-time, so students can use it at any time and from anywhere.
Previous research has been conducted on the utilization of Augmented Reality technology in 3D visualization (Kusumaningrum et al., 2019).The research concluded that Augmented Reality technology is able to provide reliable information and can directly integrate with the generated 3D objects.The difference in this research is that the generated 3D objects are buildings to introduce school environment.
Another related study is on "Development of Interactive Multimedia based on Augmented Reality to improve students' skills" (Syawaludin et al., 2019).The research results indicated that the development of media products determines learning indicators, and students' critical thinking using Augmented Reality-based learning media is better than before using it.The difference with this research is that the learning media used is interactive multimedia based on Augmented Reality.
Furthermore, research on "Development of Augmented Reality for innovative learning in education" has been conducted (Enzai et al., 2020).The research results stated that students' interest and motivation in the learning process increased compared to before, and AR can overcome financial and space constraints related to learning equipment and devices.

Research Methods
The method used in this research is Borg and Gall.This method was chosen because it has a flexible, systematic procedure, and provides opportunities for researchers to make adjustments to stages in development (Kencana et al., 2022).The Borg and Gall method has several stages in product development, these stages are depicted in Figure 1 (Bentri & Hidayati, 2022).Based on the picture above, from 10 stages of the development method, stages were combined for efficiency (Aka, 2019).This agrees with Borg and Gall that this development stage may be reduced or combined in several stages for efficiency and to reduce the scale of the project being developed (Muhardi et al., 2017).The Borg and Gall method which consists of 10 stages is simplified into 5 stages, like the simplification carried out by the Center for Policy and Innovation Research (Rini et al., 2020).The Borg and Gall stage is reduced to five stages, namely: a) product analysis, b) product development, c) validation and revision, d) small-scale trials and revisions, e) large-scale trials and final products.

Analysis Stage
This stage starts with collecting the information needed to develop an Augmented Reality-Based Digital Learning Application for 3D Graphic Design Learning, is this application really needed for graphic design learning?The extent of the needs was explored first by distributing a questionnaire to 30 students who had studied graphic design and 5 lecturers teaching graphic design courses.From the questionnaire distributed, results were obtained as in Figures 2 and 3  From the two images above, it can be concluded that there is a need for an Augmented Reality-based digital learning application that is used for learning 3D Graphic Design so that learning can be done better, more interestingly, and practically.

Product Development
At this stage, the development of a digital learning application with the name DiGi.AR application based on Augmented Reality, which functions as a virtual learning medium (Cai, 2016), is carried out in Graphic Design courses in higher education.This application is equipped with Augmented Reality (AR) technology so that all 3D Graphic Design Objects that students have previously created using the Blender application, can be displayed in their original form virtually and in real-time (Hamzah et al., 2021).This Augmented Reality creation and design skill, of course, is a basic ability for students to be able to become digital entrepreneurs in the field of graphic design.In addition, combined with digital marketing skills, those skills would be beneficial to market their design products virtually on social media, as is done by professional interior companies such as IKEA, Jeimart, Informa, and others (Huda, 2021).This application is in the form of a master.apkfile which runs on the Android platform and requires Android smartphone device specifications: Android level 5.0 "Lollipop", ROOM 500 MB, RAM 1024 MB and camera (Hutchinson et al., 2022), the application usage flowchart can be seen in Figure 4.

Validation and Revision
After creating the DiGi.AR application, validation, and revisions are then carried out by validators/experts so that the product created meets all the needs and feasibility of a learning application (Maulidya et al., 2022).The application was demoed to 5 experts, they immediately tried and tested it using a smartphone, and then provided some input for improving the DiGi.AR application.Validation is carried out by filling out a validation instrument that contains several assessment aspects, namely: device engineering aspects, design/appearance, and visual communication aspects (Antonides & Hovestadt, 2021).The validator assessment results can be seen in Table 1.Based on the validation test assessment of the DiGi.AR application, an Aiken's V value of 0.81 was obtained.The results of Aiken's V calculation range from 0 to 1, for results ≥ 0.667 it is stated in the fairly high and valid category.For the validity, it refers to the provisions of Table 2. Source: (Raschka, 2018) The closer the validation results are to 1, the higher the coefficient can be interpreted.The V value of 0.81 is stated in the valid category.

Small Group Test (Practicality)
Practicality data for the small test was obtained from 10 students, with 23 practicality instruments being tested.The test results were used as a basis for determining the level of practicality of the DiGi.AR Application.The answer choices are determined from several categories, namely: strongly agree, agree, fair, disagree, and strongly disagree (Putri et al., 2019).The practicality of the product/application is based on the following provisions: (Shah & Ali, 2019) a. Answer score criteria include: 5 = Strongly Agree, 4 = Agree, 3 = Fair, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly Disagree b.Determining the average obtained by adding up the values obtained from various indicators c.Giving practicality value using the formula: NA =   x 100% Information : NA = Final Score S = Score obtained M = Total Score Based on the practicality value, the level of practicality is then grouped as in Table 3. Source : (Astutik & Prahani, 2018) Practicality analysis using the Aiken's V formula with the formula: (Asda et al., 2022) V = S / [n*(c-1)], where S = ∑ ni (r-lo) Information : V = Aiken's validity index ni = number of experts who chose criterion i, r = i-th criterion, lo = lowest rating, n = number of all experts, c = number of ratings/criteria The results of student assessments of the DiGi.AR application which will be used as a learning medium for 3D Graphic Design can be seen in Table 4.  (Asrizal et al., 2021), which stated that the range between 76-85 was interpreted in the Practical category.

Large Group Test (Practicality)
After the small test was carried out, it was continued with large-scale practical testing to determine the usability of the DiGi.AR application which will be used as a learning medium for 3D Graphic Design.Large-scale practicality test data was obtained from 5 lecturers and 28 students, which can be seen in Table 5 and Table 6.The practicality of applications from large groups of lecturers and students with an average percentage of 85.22 and 83.04% respectively in the Practical category, so it can be concluded that the DiGi.AR application based on Augmented Reality is practically used as a learning medium in 3D graphic design courses

Results and Discussions
After carrying out the stages of the Borg and Gall Method as described above, and revising the application from experts, a practical Augmented Reality-based DiGi.AR application was produced that can be used for learning 3D graphic design.This Digital Learning application can help the virtual learning process (Veletsianos et al., 2021) because it provides all the needs of the learning process starting from course descriptions, applications, RPS, teaching materials in the form of text and video tutorials, classrooms, student work, and communication facilities in the form of chat which can be accessed and carried out on the application DiGi.AR.
The DiGi.AR application was created to increase student interaction in learning, through digital-based learning (Liono et al., 2021).Augmented Reality technology is combined in the application so that the 3D design results produced by students during the learning process can be displayed directly virtually and in real-time using Android smartphones, so this is something that is interesting for students (Bahuguna et al., 2018).Moreover, students are not only skilled in 3D design but also have skills in utilizing the latest technology today, namely Augmented Reality.This digital application can be used anywhere and at any time so that the learning process can be carried out flexibly.This research has limitations such as there is no video conference facility that allows lecturers and students to interact directly so that learning becomes more interactive.However, overall, the DiGi.AR application is very good and complete.It can be used as a digital learning medium for 3D graphic design courses.The novelty of this research is a digital learning application for graphic design learning that can directly display 3D interior design objects in the form of Augmented Reality.The overall appearance of the application can be seen in Figure 5 to Figure 11   This page displays the application name and icon as a marker or characteristic of the application.After that, you will be directed to the login page using the username and password that was previously registered.Users are required to fill in the attendance sheet first, after that they can see the application usage guide by selecting the play image, the application usage guide is provided in the form of a video tutorial to make it easier for users to understand how to use the application.Next, the description page contains a menu: subject (3D graphic design course), application, and developer.The Classroom menu contains all learning needs and materials in the form of video tutorials.The Student Work page is provided to upload all student assignments and exercises.In Classroom, there is a menu option How to Import Object to AR which functions to display all interior design objects that have been created in Augmented Reality form as in Figure 9.In the image above you can see the results of the 3D interior objects that have been created previously, in the form of Augmented Reality.When the camera is activated, it will automatically look for a marker to be able to see the object.For all object images, there is a back button that functions to return to the previous page so you can select the object you want to display.The last menu in this application is the Chat facility as shown in Figure 11.The Message page functions for direct discussion chat between lecturers and students or students and other students regarding learning, so that learning can take place interactively.

Conclusion
Based on the results of research at the functional development stage of the digital learning application system for learning 3D graphic design based on Augmented Reality, it can be concluded as follows: The application of Augmented Reality to display 3D interior design objects that students have created can be displayed in the real world in real-time is something that interesting for them, so that the learning process becomes fun, they also indirectly have skills and abilities in mastering Augmented Reality technology.Using digital learning applications for learning can help students continue to practice creating design objects following video tutorials in the application.The DiGi.AR application is stated to be practical for use as a digital learning medium for 3D graphic design courses based on data processing of lecturer and student respondents with the average Aiken's V score from lecturers being 85.22% and small group test students 82.96% and group test students large is 83.04%.The limitations of this research are only limited to the application of digital learning applications in one 3D graphic design course, and it is only used at one university.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Results of Needs Analysis of 30 Students

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Splash Screen And Main Page Of The Digi.AR Application

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Register PageTo register an account as a user, a form is provided: full name, NPM, username, and password.A username and password are useful for logging in to the application, but if you already have an account, the user can log in directly.

Fig
Fig. 11.Message page

Table 1 -
Validation assessment of the DiGi.AR application based on Augmented Reality

Table 4 .
Practicality of the DiGi.AR Application by Small Group Students Based on the table above, it is known that the results of the small group practicality test were 82.96 in the Practical category in accordance withPurwanto (2010)

Table 5 -
Practicality of the DiGi.AR Application by Lecturers

Table 6 -
Practicality of the DiGi.AR Application by Large Group Students