Analysis of Factors Influencing the Gender Empowerment Index in Central Java

Authors

  • Gradeletta Prima Gandes Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
  • Yuni Prihadi Utomo Universitas Muhammdiyah Surakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37385/ijedr.v6i5.8999

Keywords:

GPI, Female Labor, Internet Access, Female Population, Average School Participation, Female School Enrollment Rate

Abstract

This study aims to examine the influence of the Female Labor Force Participation Rate (FLFPR), Percentage of Women Who Have Ever Accessed the Internet (PPMI), Percentage of Female Population, Average Years of Schooling (AYS) for women, and Female School Participation Rate (SPR) on the Gender Empowerment Index (GEI) in Central Java Province during the period 2019–2023. This research employs a quantitative approach using secondary data and applies panel data regression analysis through the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The results show that PPMI has a significant positive effect on GEI, while FLFPR, Percentage of Female Population, AYS for women, and SPR do not have a significant effect. The insignificant variables indicate that improvements in formal education, the proportion of the female population, and labor force participation alone are insufficient to substantially enhance gender empowerment. Conversely, PPMI emerges as a key factor, as internet access broadens women’s opportunities to acquire information, skills, and networks, thereby increasing their capacity, participation, and bargaining power in economic, political, and social spheres, and serving as a strategic catalyst for accelerating gender empowerment policies at the regional level.

References

Annastasya, F. (2024). Tinjauan capaian Indeks Pembangunan Gender (IPG) dan Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender (IDG) Provinsi Papua tahun 2017–2021. Inisiasi, 85–98. https://doi.org/10.59344/inisiasi.v13i1.228

Banerjee, S., Alok, S., & George, B. (2020). Determinants of women empowerment as measured by domestic decision-making: Perspective from a developing economy. International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics, 27, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1571-038620200000027001

Bayumi, M. R., Jaya, R. A., & Shalihah, B. M. (2022). Kontribusi peran perempuan dalam membangun perekonomian sebagai penguatan kesetaraan gender di Indonesia. Al Huwiyah: Journal of Woman and Children Studies, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.24042/jwcs.v2i2.14317

Beena, Ms., & Mathur, M. (2012). Role of ICT education for women empowerment. International Journal of Economics and Research, 3(3), 164–172.

BPS. (2024). Statistik gender Provinsi Jawa Tengah (M. Saniyah, Ed.; Vol. 8). Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Tengah.

Decaprio, A. Y., & Agustina, I. F. (2024). Pemberdayaan ekonomi perempuan di Desa Banjarbendo. Journal Publicuho, 7(4), 1896–1909. https://doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v7i4.547

Desai, S., Chen, F., Reddy, S., & McLaughlin, A. (2022). Measuring women’s empowerment in the Global South. Annual Review of Sociology, 48, 507–527. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-030420-015018

Dewi, N. A., Astuti, T. K., Pandega, S. A., Kusuma, D. P., Huda, R. A., & Daryono, A. A. A. (2025). Analisis spasial faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi tingkat kemiskinan di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dengan pendekatan OLS dan GWR. Al-Iqtisodiyah: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Ekonomi Islam, 1(3), 92–111. https://doi.org/10.29408/geodika.v5i2.4033

Dini, I. M., Fajriyah, Angraini, S., & Lukitasari, I. (2020). Pembangunan manusia berbasis gender 2020. Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak.

Dongre, A. P. (2021). Gender empowerment measure: Concept and framework. SSRN Electronic Journal, 425001. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3968141

Erika, J., Wahyuni, I., & Zulfanetti. (2025). Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals for gender equality: What are the factors? International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA), 8(3), 375–387. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v8i3.380

Hadiarta, A. P., Karlina, R., Kusumaningsih, N., Moechtar, A., Kusuma, A. W., Choirunnisah, H., Saputri, R., Rinayanti, R., Sari, I. K., Setiawan, C. A., & Akbar, D. S. F. (2022). Kajian pengarusutamaan gender: Analisis ketimpangan gender spasial dan pengaruhnya terhadap perekonomian wilayah. Badan Kebijakan Fiskal, Kementerian Keuangan.

Huh, Y. (2016). Gender empowerment and educational attainment of US immigrants and their home-country counterparts. Feminist Economics, 23(2), 120–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2016.1198044

Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women’s empowerment: A critical analysis of the third Millennium Development Goal. Gender and Development, 13(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332273

Kasim, S. S., Juhaepa, Sarpin, Jabar, A. S., & Sarmadan’. (2025). Transformasi peran gender dan reorganisasi struktur sosial: Studi tentang perempuan tani dalam sektor informal. Jurnal Neo Societal, 10(3), 144–161.

Kazembe, L. N. (2020). Women empowerment in Namibia: Measurement, determinants and geographical disparities. World Development Perspectives, 19, 100211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100211

Kertati, I. (2021). Analisis Indeks Pembangunan Gender (IPG) dan Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender (IDG) Kota Surakarta. Public Service and Governance Journal, 2(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.56444/psgj.v2i1.597

KPPA. (2016). Potret ketimpangan gender dalam ekonomi. Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Anak – Badan Pusat Statistik.

Kurnianingsih, F., Mahadiansar, M., Putri, R. A., & Azizi, O. R. (2022). Perspektif analisis Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender Kota Tanjungpinang dalam masa pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 11(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.23887/jish.v11i1.37594

Lestari, S., Marwah, S., & Pratiwi, O. C. (2019). Capaian Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender Kabupaten Banyumas pasca MDGs dalam perspektif regional dan nasional. Prosiding Seminar Nasional dan Call for Papers, 6(November), 1–9.

Lusiarista, & Arif, M. (2022). Peran perempuan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Karesidenan Pati periode 2015–2020. Sosial Science Studies, 2(3), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.47153/sss23.3792022

Mahfiroh, L. (2020). Analisis regresi nonparametrik spline terhadap faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender (IDG) di Jawa Timur.

Neha, & Ansari, M. A. (2020). Proximate determinants of women empowerment: A review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(10), 3271–3284. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.910.391

Ningsih, R. W. (2014). Estimasi parameter dan model regresi probit bivariat pada Indeks Pembangunan Gender (IPG) dan Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender (IDG) di Kalimantan.

OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 results (Factsheets: Vol. I).

Probosiwi, R. (2015). Perempuan dan perannya dalam pembangunan kesejahteraan sosial (Women and its role on social welfare development). Natapraja, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/jnp.v3i1.11957

Rahman, W. A. (2020). Pengaruh tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan, perempuan yang pernah mengakses internet, dan persentase penduduk perempuan terhadap Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender provinsi di Pulau Kalimantan. Jurnal Pembangunan dan Pemerataan, 12(2), 1–34.

Rahmawati, F., Aini, A. N., & Camila, E. M. (2021). Analysis of the Gender Development Index in East Java Regency/City in 2017–2019. Jurnal REP (Riset Ekonomi Pembangunan), 6(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.31002/rep.v6i1.3356

Rahmawati, F., & Hidayah, Z. M. (2020). Menelusur relasi Indeks Pembangunan Gender terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. EcceS (Economics, Social, and Development Studies), 7(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.24252/ecc.v7i1.13919

Rifatin, L., & Pramesti, W. (2024). Analisis K-means cluster pada pengelompokkan kabupaten/kota di Jawa Timur berdasarkan faktor yang memengaruhi IDG. Cakrawala: Jurnal Litbang Kebijakan, 18(1), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.32781/cakrawala.v18i1.536

Rosyidi, L. H., Rofiq, A., & Khusnudin. (2025). Peran perempuan dalam pembangunan ekonomi dan penguatan kesetaraan gender. Jurnal Istiqro: Jurnal Hukum Islam, Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 11(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.30739/istiqro.v11i1.3160

Rusli, A. S., & Magna, M. S. (2023). Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender (IDG) Kota Magelang tahun 2011–2021. EVOKASI: Jurnal Kajian Administrasi dan Sosial Terapan, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.20961/evokasi.v2i1.778

Safitri, D. N., & Ridwan, A. (2024). Konstruksi sosial terhadap perempuan sebagai pemimpin dalam pemilihan Gubernur Jawa Timur 2024. Jurnal Analisa Sosiologi, 13(4), 751–782. https://doi.org/10.20961/jas.v13i4.97053

Sahu, P. R., & Behera, D. K. (2025). Barriers to women’s empowerment in India’s informal sector: Structural and socio-economic constraints. Discover Sustainability, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01398-0

Salsabila, D., & Hendrawan, M. Y. (2021). Analisis kondisi pemberdayaan gender di Indonesia tahun 2020 dengan agglomerative hierarchical clustering dan biplot. Seminar Nasional Official Statistics, 2021(1), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.34123/semnasoffstat.v2021i1.839

Satiti, E., Andarwati, S., & Kusumastuti, T. A. (2022). Peran perempuan dalam peternakan sapi perah pada kelompok tani ternak Desa Samiran, Boyolali, Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Kawistara, 12(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.70721

UNDP. (2009). Human development report 2009: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development (Vol. 61, Issue 12). Palgrave Macmillan.

UNDP. (2014). Gender Development Index (GDI) (Issue March). United Nations Development Programme.

Yuslin, H. (2021). Pembuktian strategi pengarusutamaan gender (PuG): Analisis capaian Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Statistik Indonesia, 1(3), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.11594/jesi.01.03.04

Yustie, R., & Prayitno, B. (2024). Faktor ekonomi dan sosial yang memengaruhi pemberdayaan gender. Equilibrium: Jurnal Ekonomi-Manajemen-Akuntansi, 20(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.30742/equilibrium.v20i1.3633

Downloads

Published

2025-08-29

How to Cite

Gandes, G. P., & Utomo, Y. P. (2025). Analysis of Factors Influencing the Gender Empowerment Index in Central Java. International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR), 6(5), 2802–2816. https://doi.org/10.37385/ijedr.v6i5.8999