Mitigation of Environmental Damage Through Natural Resources Management Contracts (Eco-Contract Perspective)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37385/jaets.v4i2.1544Keywords:
Mitigation, Environmental Damage, Eco-Contract, Natural ResourcesAbstract
Environmental damage by extractive activities is caused by the formulation of policies that have not placed nature and the environment as legal subjects. Policy formulation in the form of a contract of work tends to accommodate human interests and is profit-oriented. This study aims to examine strategies for mitigating environmental damage caused by PT Freeport’s mining activities based on an eco-contract perspective. PT Freeport’s contract of work is the object of analysis in this research, while data on environmental damage are obtained from national media. Theoretical-reflective approach is used in analyzing the data to formulate mitigation strategies. The results showed that the mitigation of environmental damage in the eco-contract perspective emphasizes the natural relationships and interactions between all components of the ecosystem. In other words, mitigation of environmental damage requires equal treatment between the environment and humans which also indicates equal rights. In fact, force majeure conditions and natural disasters are still viewed from a human perspective, so that efforts to identify and socialize environmental damage only focus on human aspects rather than nature and the environment. PT Freeport’s contract of work has not accommodated mitigation efforts of environmental damage that ecologically oriented. In addition, the weak mapping, control, and socialization of PT Freeport’s mining activities have implications for the lack of efforts to mitigate environmental damage.
Downloads
References
Ainia, D. K., & Jiarzanah, J. (2021). Analisis Deep Ecology Arne Naess terhadap Aktivitas Penambangan Pasir (Studi Kasus: Penambangan Pasir Merapi di Sekitar Sungai Gendol Cangkringan Sleman Yogyakarta). Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 19(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.19.1.98-106
Bakker, J. W. M. (2005). Filsafat Kebudayaan: Sebuah Pengantar. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Borrong, R. P. (2000). Etika Bumi Baru. Jakarta: Gunung Mulia.
Boseke, Y. C., Kalalo, F. P., & Pontoh, K. C. (2021). Kajian Hukum UU No. 32 Tahun 2009 Terhadap Peran Pemerintah Dalam Mencegah Kerusakan Lingkungan Akibat Aktivitas Pertambangan. Lex Administratum, IX(8), 86–96.
Brennan, A. (1988). Ecological Humanism. In A. Vlavianos-Arvanitis (Ed.), Proceedings from the Second bio International Conference. Biopolitics, The Bio-environment.
Cárdenas-Alcaide, M. F., Godínez-Alemán, J. A., González-González, R. B., Iqbal, H. M. N., & Parra-Saldívar, R. (2022). Environmental impact and mitigation of micro(nano)plastics pollution using green catalytic tools and green analytical methods. Green Analytical Chemistry, 3(August), 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.greeac.2022.100031
Chang, W. (2005). Moral Lingkungan Hidup. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Cnnindonesia.com. (2018). DPR Minta Freeport Tanggung Jawab Kerusakan Ekosistem Papua. Cnnindonesia.com. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20181023193225-85-340846/dpr-minta-freeport-tanggung-jawab-kerusakan-ekosistem-papua
Dhont, K., Hodson, G., & Leite, A. C. (2016). Common Ideological Roots of Speciesism and Generalized Ethnic Prejudice: The Social Dominance Human–Animal Relations Model (SD–HARM). European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 507–522. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2069
Dontala, S. P., Reddy, T. B., & Vadde, R. (2015). Environmental Aspects and Impacts its Mitigation Measures of Corporate Coal Mining. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 11, 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.002
Ehrenfeld, D. W. (1978). The arrogance of humanism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Firmanda, H. (2019). Kontrak Karya Pertambangan Dalam Perspektif Filsafat Lingkungan dan Relevansinya Bagi Pengembangan Hukum Kontrak Pertambangan di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Kontrak Karya PT. Newmont Nusa Tenggara dan PT. Freeport Indonesia). Universitas Gajah Mada.
Firmanda, H., & Wafi, M. H. (2022). Mining Work Contract and the Environment: A Philosophical Approach. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 44(8).
Hernaningsih, T. (2022). Impact of Coal Mining on Surface Water and Its Mitigation. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Mitigasi Bencana, 16(2).
Hyers, L. L. (2006). Myths used to legitimize the exploitation of animals: An application of Social Dominance Theory. Anthrozoös, 19(3), 194–210. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.2752/089279306785415538
Keraf, A. S. (2016). Filsafat Lingkungan Hidup: Alam sebagai Sebuah Sistem Kehidupan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Luhukay, R. S. (2016). Tanggung Jawab Pt Freeport Indonesia Terhadap Penanganan Kerusakan Lingkungan Akibat Pertambangan Di Kabupaten Mimika Papua. Lex Et Societatis, 4(3), 84–92.
M.S, Kaelan. (2013). Negara Kebangsaan Pancasila: Kultural, Historis, Filosofis, Yuridis, dan Aktualisasinya. Yogyakarta: Paradigma.
Mashur, D., & Meiwanda, G. (2019). Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change Based on Community Empowerment. Jurnal Kebijakan Publik, 10(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.31258/jkp.10.1.p.25-32
Milfont, T. L., Richter, I., Sibley, C. G., Wilson, M. S., & Fischer, R. (2013). Environmental Consequences of the Desire to Dominate and Be Superior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(9), 1127–1138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213490805
Muhammad, Nuraddeen Danjuma., Salisu, Mohammed., Umar, S. D. (2014). Mitigation Strategies to Environmental Degradation in Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 4(21), 38–52.
Muhammad, A. (1992). Hukum Perjanjian. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.
Naess, A. (1989). Ecology, Community and Lifestyle, United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
Naja, D. (2006). Contract Drafting. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.
Nur Aulia, R., Setianingsih, A. I., Kurniawati, & Narulita, S. (2019). Pesantren-based disaster mitigation strategy?: case study pondok pesantren Darunnajah Cipining Bogor. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 391(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/391/1/012049
Republika.co.id. (2018). PT Freeport Pollutes the Environment, This is the Step of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Republika.Co.Id. https://ekonomi.republika.co.id/berita/p6qegz382/pt-freeport-cemari-lingkungan-ini-langkah-kementerian-lhk
Rizki, M. J. (2019). KLHK’s Response to Environmental Damage Due to Freeport’s Mine. Hukumonline.Com. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/respons-klhk-soal-kerusakan-lingkungan-akibat-tambang-freeport-lt5c35f52adc2c8?page=2#!
Snijders, A. (2007). Antropologi Filsafat Manusia, Paradoks dan Seruan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Subekti. (1987). Hukum Perjanjian. Jakarta: Intermasa.
Syahni, D. (2019). After the Freeport Divestment, What About Environmental Damage and Recovery? Mongabay.Co.Id. https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/01/02/setelah-divestasi-freeport-bagaimana-soal-kerusakan-dan-pemulihan-lingkungan/
Taqwadin, S. T. dan Danil, A. (2013). KEBIJAKAN LEGISLASI DALAM KAITAN MITIGASI BENCANA DI ACEH1. AIWEST-DR 2013 (Annual International Workshop & Expo on Sumatra-Tsunami & Disaster).
Tempo.co. (2019). Bearing the Impact of Freeport’s Waste. Tempo.Co. https://kolom.tempo.co/read/1169527/menanggung-dampak-limbah-freeport
Uenal, F., Sidanius, J., Maertens, R., Hudson, S. kiera T. J., Davis, G., & Ghani, A. (2022). The roots of ecological dominance orientation: Assessing individual preferences for an anthropocentric and hierarchically organized world. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 81(March 2022), 101783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101783.