Quality Control in Small and Medium Enterprises: A Study of Present Challenges and Future Opportunities

Authors

  • Dyah Lestari Widaningrum Bina Nusantara University
  • Amelia Meilia Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University
  • Samuel Nata Charis Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University
  • Fransisca Dini Ariyanti Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University
  • Uly Amrina Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37385/jaets.v7i1.6646

Keywords:

SMEs, Quality Control, Quality Management Framework, Operational Excellence, Cluster Analysis

Abstract

Quality control is a critical foundation for establishing effective and efficient systems across industries, but small and medium enterprises (SMEs) face unique challenges in implementing effective quality control due to resource constraints. This study aims to identify the specific needs through demographic and operational analysis, and to develop a compact, adaptable Quality Management Framework to enhance their operational excellence. Survey responses from 50 SME managers were analyzed using cluster analysis, utilizing Ward's method and K-means to categorize businesses based on their quality control practices. Findings revealed three distinct SME clusters emerged, with systematic quality practices correlating to 71% higher customer satisfaction. These findings highlight significant variations in managerial perceptions, needs, and priorities.  This research proposes an adaptable quality management framework tailored for SMEs and recommends the integration of technology to enhance scalability and effectiveness. Thus, this study addresses a theoretical gap in SME quality control system design while offering practical, actionable insights for enhancing quality management processes in diverse industrial contexts. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abbes, N., Sejri, N., Xu, J., & Cheikhrouhou, M. (2022). New Lean Six Sigma readiness assessment model using fuzzy logic: Case study within clothing industry. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 61(11), 9079–9094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.02.047

Alshahrani, M. A., & Husain, K.S. (2024). The effectiveness of the implementation of ISO 9001 on SMEs performance: the case of an emerging economy. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 41(1), 84–106. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-08-2022-0233

Amrina, U., Hidayatno, A., & Zagloel, T. Y. M. (2021). Mapping challenges in developing sustainable small and medium industries: Integrating Lean and green principles. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 14(2), 311. https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.3401

Anjaningrum, W. D., Azizah, N., & Suryadi, N. (2024). Spurring SMEs’ performance through business intelligence, organizational and network learning, customer value anticipation, and innovation - Empirical evidence of the creative economy sector in East Java, Indonesia. Heliyon, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27998

Antunes, M. G., Mucharreira, P. R., Justino, M. R. T., & Texeira-Quirós, J. (2021). Effects of Total Quality Management (TQM) Dimensions on Innovation—Evidence from SMEs. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810095

Ardolino, M., Bino, A., Ciano, M. P., & Bacchetti, A. (2025). Enabling Digital Capabilities with Technologies: A Multiple Case Study of Manufacturing Supply Chains in Disruptive Times. Systems, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010039

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2019). Analisis Hasil SE2016 Lanjutan: Potensi Peningkatan Kinerja Usaha Mikro Kecil. Badan Pusat Statistik.

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik Karakteristik Usaha 2022-2023 (Vol. 5). Badan Pusat Statistik.

Bianchi, E. M. P. G., & Ferraz Junior, S. (2020). E-Qualifácil: Preparing Small Businesses for a Quality Management System. BAR - Brazilian Administration Review, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2020180154

Bure, M., & Tengeh, R. K. (2019). Implementation of Internal Controls and the Sustainability of SMEs in Harare in Zimbabwe. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 7(1), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2019.7.1(16)

Chohan, B. S., Xu, X., & Lu, Y. (2022). MES Dynamic Interoperability for SMEs in the Factory of the Future Perspective. Procedia CIRP, 107, 1329–1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.05.153

Cimino, A., Gnoni, M.G., Longo, F., & Solina, V. (2023). Integrating Multiple Industry 4.0 Approaches and Tools in an Interoperable Platform for Manufacturing SMEs. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109732

Czodorova, R., & Gnap, J. (2023). Investigation of the Effectiveness of the Introduction of the Quality Management System According to the ISO 9001 Standard in Transport Companies: Slovakia Case Study. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032401

Dutta, G., Kumar, R., Sindhwani, R., & Singh, R. Kr. (2021). Digitalization Priorities of Quality Control Processes for SMEs: a conceptual study in perspective of Industry 4.0 adoption. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 32(6), 1679–1698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-021-01783-2

Elbanna, S., Begum, F., & Mauji, N. (2024). A Systematic Literature Review of Japanese SMEs: Trends, Challenges and Insights for Future Research and Practice. Journal of Asia Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-01-2024-0049

Eniola, A. A., Olorunleke, G. K., Akintimehin, O. O., Ojeka, J. D., & Oyetunji, B. (2019). The Impact of Organizational Culture on Total Quality Management in SMEs in Nigeria. In Heliyon (Vol. 5, Issue 8). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02293

Fähndrich, J., & Pedell, B. (2025). Digitalisation as a Driver of Transformation for Management Control of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 22(2), 134–157. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRAM-08-2023-0149

Fries, M., Nießner, J., Ludwig, T., & Kotthaus, C. (2025). Exploring AI Integration in SME Production Planning: Design Spaces and the Role of Workers. Computer Supported Cooperative Work: CSCW: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-025-09512-6

Gaitero, D., Genero, M., & Piattini, M. (2021). System Quality and Security Certification in Seven Weeks: A Multi-Case Study in Spanish SMEs. Journal of Systems and Software, 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2021.110960

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis Eighth Edition. www.cengage.com/highered

Hartanto, B. W., & Subagyo, S. (2019). Kerangka Kerja Perencanaan Pengembangan Produk sebagai Peningkatan Daya Saing Industri Kecil Menengah. Jurnal Teknosains, 8(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.22146/teknosains.35574

Hernandez, V. M., Gonzalez, B. P., & Aquiahuatl, E. C. (2013). Human Approach in the Quality Management System of Manufacturing SMEs in Mexico - Theoretical review and proposal of a conceptual model. Contaduría y Administración, 58(2), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0186-1042(13)71212-9

Kalina, V., Lhota, J., & Kalender, Z. T. (2025). Effective Project Portfolio Management for SMEs: A Conceptual Framework using Business Intelligence Tools. Procedia Computer Science, 253, 745–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.01.136

Kalogiannidis, S., Kagioglou, F., Kalfas, D., & Kagioglou, A. (2025). Business Communication Strategies as an Internal Locus of Sustainability in SMEs. A Case Study of Greece. Discover Sustainability, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00894-7

Kearney, S., & Abdul-Nour, G. (2004). SME and Quality Performance in Networking Environment. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 46 (4 SPEC. ISS.), 905–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2004.05.023

Khalil, H., Lahmar, A., & Siddiqui, A. A. (2024). Enhancement of Supply Chain Resilience of SMEs Through Entrepreneurial Orientation and Technological Adaptation: A Conceptual Framework. In: Hamdan, A. (eds) Achieving Sustainable Business Through AI, Technology Education and Computer Science. Studies in Big Data, vol 159. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71213-5_15

Khan, A., & Farooquie, J. A. (2016). Motives and Benefits of ISO 9001 Quality Management System: An Empirical Study of Indian SMEs. Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, 13(3), 320. https://doi.org/10.14488/bjopm.2016.v13.n3.a8

Khan, N., Furnell, S., Bada, M., Rand, M., & Nurse, J. R. C. (2025). Investigating the Experiences of Providing Cyber Security Support to Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Computers and Security, 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2025.104448

Kharub, M., Ruchitha, B., Hariharan, S., & Vamsi, N.S. (2022). Profit Enhancement for Small, Medium Scale Enterprises using Lean Six Sigma. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 2591–2595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.159

Kim, S., & Ryu, K. (2020). Intelligent Process Quality Management for Supporting Collaboration of Mold Manufacturing SMEs. Procedia Manufacturing, 51, 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.10.054

Koc, T. (2007). The impact of ISO 9000 Quality Management Systems on Manufacturing. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 186(1–3), 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.12.034

Kull, T. J., Kotlar, J., & Spring, M. (2018). Small and Medium Enterprise Research in Supply Chain Management: The Case for Single-Respondent Research Designs. In Journal of Supply Chain Management (Vol. 54, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12157

Kumar, R., Dutta, G., & Phanden, R. K. (2024). Digitalization Adoption Barriers in the Context of Sustainability and Operational Excellence: Implications for SMEs. EMJ - Engineering Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/10429247.2024.2372519

Le, D. N., & Nguyen, V. H. (2024). Does Quality Certification or Product Diversification Improve the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises? Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052023

Lim, S. A. H., & Antony, J. (2016a). Statistical Process Control Readiness in the Food Industry: Development of a Self-Assessment Tool. In Trends in Food Science and Technology (Vol. 58, pp. 133–139). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.10.025

Lim, S. A. H., & Antony, J. (2016b). Statistical process control readiness in the food industry: Development of a self-assessment tool. In Trends in Food Science and Technology (Vol. 58, pp. 133–139). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.10.025

Mardani, A., Jusoh, A., Bagheri, M. M., & Kazemilari, M. (2015). A Combined Hybrid Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision-making Approach to Evaluating of QM Critical Success Factors in SME’s Hotels Firms. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 786–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.433

Mkansi, M., & Nsakanda, A. L. (2023). Mobile Application e-Grocery Retail Adoption Challenges and Coping Strategies: a South African Small and Medium Enterprises’ Perspective. Electronic Commerce Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-023-09698-1

Niyi Anifowose, O., Ghasemi, M., & Olaleye, B. R. (2022). Total Quality Management and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ (SMEs) Performance: Mediating Role of Innovation Speed. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148719

O’Neill, P., Sohal, A., & Teng, C. W. (2016). Quality Management Approaches and Their Impact on Firms’ Financial Performance - An Australian Study. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.07.015

Panagiotidou, E., Chountalas, P. T., Magoutas, A. I., Georgakellos, D. A., & Lagodimos, A. G. (2025). Systematic Identification and Validation of Critical Success Factors for ISO/IEC 17025 Implementation. Administrative Sciences, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15020060

Park, B., Kim, T., & Jong-Pil, J. (2023). AI-Smart Factory: Design and Verification of Korean SME AI Smart Factory using Level Diagnosis System. Procedia Computer Science, 224, 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.09.025

Pfeifer, M. R. (2022). SMEs in Automotive Supply Chains: A Survey on Six Sigma Performance Perceptions of Czech Supply Chain Members. Processes, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040698

Pinto, B., Silva, F. J. G., Costa, T., Campilho, R. D. S. G., & Pereira, M. T. (2019). A Strategic Model to Take the First Step Towards Industry 4.0 in SMEs. Procedia Manufacturing, 38, 637–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.01.082

Pop, L. D. (2016). Study on Creating a Simplified Model of Quality Management System in a SME from the Central Region of Romania. Procedia Technology, 22, 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.01.153

Kachba, Y. R., Plath, A. M., Ferreira, M. G., & Forcellini, F. A. (2012). Alignment of Quality Management in SMEs with the Market Performance. In Journal of Technology Management & Innovation (Vol. 7, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242012000400008

Runtuk, J. K., Ng, P. K., & Ooi, S. Y. (2024). Challenges and Solutions in Working with Green Suppliers: Perspective from a Manufacturing Industry. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208744

Scarton, G., Formentini, M., & Romano, P. (2025). Automating Quality Control through an Expert System. Electronic Markets, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-025-00766-y

Shields, J., & Shelleman, J. M. (2015). Integrating Sustainability into SME Strategy. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 25(2), 59–75. https://jsbs.scholasticahq.com/article/26429-integrating-sustainability-into-sme-strategy

Shokri, A., Nabhani, F., & Hodgson, S. (2010a). Supplier Development Practice: Arising the Problems of Upstream Delivery for a Food Distribution SME in the UK. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 26(6), 639–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2010.06.028

Shokri, A., Nabhani, F., & Hodgson, S. (2010b). Supplier development practice: Arising the problems of upstream delivery for a food distribution SME in the UK. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 26(6), 639–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2010.06.028

Silva, M., Alvelos, H., & Xambre, A. R. (2025). Quality Problems Reporting: Digitalization of the processes in an Automotive Company. Procedia Computer Science, 253, 737–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.01.135

Singh, V., Kumar, A., & Singh, T. (2018). Impact of TQM on Organisational Performance: The Case of Indian Manufacturing and Service Industry. Operations Research Perspectives, 5, 199–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orp.2018.07.004

Sovrano, F., Hine, E., Anzolut, S., & Bacchelli, A. (2025). Simplifying Software Compliance: AI Technologies in Drafting Technical Documentation for the AI Act. Empirical Software Engineering, 30(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-025-10645-x

Usman, M., Shafiq, M., Savino, M., Rashid, Z., Yehya, M. I., Naqvi, A. A., Iqbal, S., & Menanno, M. (2019). Investigating the Role of QMS Implementation on Customers’ Satisfaction: A Case Study of SMEs. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(13), 2032–2037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.504

Wang, L., Dai, Y., & Ding, Y. (2019). Internal Control and SMEs’ Sustainable Growth: The Moderating Role of Multiple Large Shareholders. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12040182

Wang, L., Zhang, M., Cao, H., & Teng, T. (2025). The Impacts of Quality Management on Green Material Utilization: A Small- and Medium-Sized Chinese Enterprises’ Perspective. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083688

Wildnerova, L., Menon, C., Dehghan, R., Kinne, J., & Lenz, D. (2024). Which SMEs are Greening? In OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers (Vol. 60). OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers. https://doi.org/10.1787/ddd00999-en

Yang, X., Zhou, Z., Sørensen, J. H., Christensen, C. B., Ünalan, M., & Zhang, X. (2023). Automation of SME Production with a Cobot System Powered by Learning-Based Vision. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2023.102564

Zall, M., Leutheuser, V., Müller, J. M., & Voigt, K. I. (2025). Digital Manufacturing in SMEs: Green, Efficient and Socially Responsible? Procedia Computer Science, 253, 551–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.01.117

Zhou, H., & Li, L. (2020). The Impact of Supply Chain Practices and Quality Management on Firm Performance: Evidence from China’s Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises. International Journal of Production Economics, 230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107816

Zimon, G., & Zimon, D. (2020). Quality Management Systems and Working Capital SMEs in GPO—A Case of Poland. Administrative Sciences, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10040076

Downloads

Published

2025-12-29

How to Cite

Widaningrum, D. L., Meilia, A. ., Charis, S. N. ., Ariyanti, F. D. ., & Amrina, U. . (2025). Quality Control in Small and Medium Enterprises: A Study of Present Challenges and Future Opportunities. Journal of Applied Engineering and Technological Science (JAETS), 7(1), 37–58. https://doi.org/10.37385/jaets.v7i1.6646