Redesigning Passenger Distribution System of KRL Commuter Line: An Integrative Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37385/jaets.v7i1.6954Keywords:
Ergonomics, Innovative Passenger Distribution System, Integrative Approach, KRL Commuter Line, Personal SpaceAbstract
Commuter line electric rail (KRL) has become a critical mode of public transportation supporting urban mobility in densely populated areas. However, the rapid growth of urban populations and the corresponding increase in daily commuters have created significant challenges in delivering optimal and comfortable services due to overcrowding. This study addresses these challenges by enhancing passenger comfort on KRL commuter lines through the redesign of the passenger distribution system considering personal space along with passenger flow management. An integrative approach combining ergonomic approach in determining carriage capacity, passenger flow management, and simulation-based analysis was employed. Empirical data were collected through observation, empirical survey, and direct anthropometric measurement. Observations on passenger density were conducted on the Cikarang line during peak morning hours, focusing on mixed-gender carriages. Anthropometric measurements involving 238 subjects alongside carriage dimensions were analyzed to determine the capacity of carriage using ergonomic principles of personal space The results revealed that the carriage capacity of 150 passengers balancing comfort and efficiency. An innovative passenger distribution system deploying queuing system equipped with integrated sensors providing real-time number of passengers and innovative automatic door-closing mechanism at the carriages were proposed and tested under current passenger density and determined carriage capacity using discrete-event simulation implemented in Arena software. This study provides novel contribution both practically and theoretically demonstrating the application of ergonomics and sensor integration in public transportation system design for improving commuter comfort and safety in highly congested urban transport systems. Future researches are also discussed.
Downloads
References
Aguayo, P., Seriani, S., Delpiano, J., Farias, G., Fujiyama, T., & Velastin, S. A. (2023). Experimental Method to Estimate the Density of Passengers on Urban Railway Platforms. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 15(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021000
Ait Ali, A., Eliasson, J., & Warg, J. (2022). Are commuter train timetables consistent with passengers’ valuations of waiting times and in-vehicle crowding? Transport Policy, 116, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.11.025
Antara. (2023). New Focus: Efforts to integrate public transportation in Jakarta (9 October 2023)
Barney, G., & Al-Sharif, L. (2015). Elevator Traffic Handbook: Theory and Practice (2nd ed.) (2nd ed.). Routledge.
BEA Sensor. (2024). Train, subway & tram doors. Retrieved from https://eu.beasensors.com
Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. (2019). President Jokowi: Jabodetabek integrated transportation urgently needed. Retrieved from https://Setkab.Go.Id/En/President-Jokowi-Jabodetabek-Integrated-Transportation-Urgently-Needed/ .
Celebi, D., Imre, S. (2020). Measuring crowding-related comfort in public transport. Transportation Planning and Technology, 43(7), 735–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2020.1805546
Drabicki, A., Cats, O., Kucharski, R., Fonzone, A., Szarata, A. (2023). Should I stay or should I board? Willingness to wait with real-time crowding information in urban public transport. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2023.100963
Dwiatmoko, H., Isradi, M., Prasetijo, J., Hamid, A. (2022). Comparative study of passengers satisfaction with regional rail transport in Indonesia and Malaysia. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 2(2), 32–40.
Eboli, L., Mazzulla, G. (2012). Structural equation modelling for analysing passengers perceptions about railway services. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 54, 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.729
Elhamshary, M., Youssef, M., Uchiyama, A., Hiromori, A., Yamaguchi, H., Higashino, T. (2019). CrowdMeter: Gauging congestion level in railway stations using smartphones. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 58, 101014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2019.04.005
Erdei, L., Tamas, P., Illes, B. (2023). Improving the efficiency of rail passenger transportation using an innovative operational concept. Sustainability, 15(6), 5582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065582
Fageda, X. (2021). Do light rail systems reduce traffic externalities? Empirical evidence from mid-size european cities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102731
Freivalds and Niebel. (2014). Niebel’s Methods, Standards, and Work Design. McGraw-Hill.
Galliani, G., Secchi, P., & Ieva, F. (2024). Estimation of dynamic Origin–Destination matrices in a railway transportation network integrating ticket sales and passenger count data. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 190, 104246. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRA.2024.104246
Gray, G. E., & Hoel, L. A. (1979). Public Transportation Planning, Operations, and Management. Prentice-Hall Inc.
Gumasing, Ma. J. J., Prasetyo, Y. T., Ong, A. K. S., Carcellar, M. R. I. M., Aliado, J. B. J., Nadlifatin, R., & Persada, S. F. (2022). Ergonomic Design of Apron Bus with Consideration for Passengers with Mobility Constraints. Safety, 8(2), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety8020033
Hasibuan, H. S., & Mulyani, M. (2022). Transit-Oriented Development: Towards Achieving Sustainable Transport and Urban Development in Jakarta Metropolitan, Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095244
Haywood, L., Koning, M., & Monchambert, G. (2017). Crowding in public transport: Who cares and why? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 100, 215–227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.022
He, S.-J., & Zhi, J.-Y. (2022). Study on Occupancy Behaviors of Passengers in the Subway Cabin: An Observation in Chengdu, China. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2022, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8781489
Ho, H.-C., & Widaningrum, D. L. (2016, March 8). Car drivers with higher perceived safety tend to drive their vehicles with higher risk, a unique phenomenon on the roads in Jakarta, Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management.
Hoogendoorn, S. P., Daamen, W., de Boer, A., & Vaatstra, I. (2007). Assessing Passenger Comfort and Capacity Bottlenecks in Dutch Train Stations. Transportation Research Record, 2002(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.3141/2002-14
Hu, C., Sapkota, B. B., Thomasson, J. A., & Bagavathiannan, M. V. (2021). Influence of Image Quality and Light Consistency on the Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks for Weed Mapping. Remote Sensing, 13(11), 2140. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112140
Hussein, A., Raed, M. W., Al-Shaikhi, A., Mohandes, M., & Liu, B. (2024). Crowd anomaly estimation and detection: A review. Franklin Open, 8, 100169. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FRAOPE.2024.100169
Jati, R. P. (2024). Secercah asa dari pembenahan KRL Jabodetabek. Https://Www.Kompas.Id/Baca/English/2024/01/14/Secercah-Asa-Dari-Pembenahan-Krl-Jabodetabek?Open_from=Translator_Mark. .
Kementerian Perhubungan Indonesia. (2019). Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor 63 Tahun 2019 Standar Pelayanan Minimum Angkutan Orang dengan Kereta Api.
Kroemer, K. H. E. (2017). Fitting the Human: Introduction to Ergonomics / Human Factors Engineering. Taylor & Francis.
Kumagai, J., Wakamatsu, M., & Managi, S. (2021). Do commuters adapt to in-vehicle crowding on trains? Transportation, 48(5), 2357–2399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-020-10133-9
Kuniecki, M., Pilarczyk, J., & Wichary, S. (2015). The color red attracts attention in an emotional context. An ERP study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9(APR), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00212
Küpper, M., & Seyfried, A. (2023). Identification of social groups and waiting pedestrians at railway platforms using trajectory data. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282526. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282526
Kusmawan, D., Andari, S., & Susilowati, I. H. (2021). Assessing the Quality of Life Among Commuting Workers and Uncomfortable Travel. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 16(3), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v16i3.25467
Leurent, F. (2011). Transport capacity constraints on the mass transit system: a systemic analysis. European Transport Research Review, 3(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-011-0046-5
Lu, Y., Zhang, T., Qiu, S., Liu, X., Yu, X., & Yao, H. (2023). Carbon emissions reduction potentiality for railroad transportation based on life cycle assessment. High-Speed Railway, 1(3), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hspr.2023.08.004
Luan, X., & Corman, F. (2022). Passenger-oriented traffic control for rail networks: An optimization model considering crowding effects on passenger choices and train operations. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 158, 239–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2022.02.008
Manurung, B. R., Rifai, A. I., & Handayani, S. (2023). The Passenger Satisfaction Analysis of Commuter Line Facility: A Case of Manggarai Station, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(1), 419-426
Matsika, E. (2018). Interior Train Design of Commuter Trains: Standing Seats, and Consideration for Persons with Reduced Mobility (pp. 59–75). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58643-4_5
McCarthy, C., Ghaderi, H., Martí, F., Jayaraman, P., & Dia, H. (2025). Video-based automatic people counting for public transport: On-bus versus off-bus deployment. Computers in Industry, 164, 104195. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPIND.2024.104195
Monsuur, F., Enoch, M., Quddus, M., & Meek, S. (2021). Modelling the impact of rail delays on passenger satisfaction. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 152, 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.08.002
Oprea, C., Rosca, M., Rosca, E., Costea, I., Ilie, A., Dinu, O., Rusca, A. (2024). Analyzing passenger flows in an airport terminal: A discrete simulation model. Computation, 12(11), 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12110223
Pandey, S., Chaudhary, M., Toth, Z. (2025). An investigation on real-time insights: enhancing process control with IoT-enabled sensor networks. Discover Internet of Things, 5(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00124-6
Peftitsi, S., Jenelius, E., & Cats, O. (2021). Evaluating crowding in individual train cars using a dynamic transit assignment model. Transportmetrica B, 9(1), 693–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/21680566.2021.1939808
Peng, Y., Zhou, J., Fan, C., Wu, Z., Zhou, W., Sun, D., Lin, Y., Xu, D., & Xu, Q. (2022). A review of passenger ride comfort in railway: assessment and improvement method. Transportation Safety and Environment, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/tse/tdac016
PT. MRT Jakarta (Perseroda). (n.d.). Thriving through transportation, Annual Report 2022.
Ramadhanty, D. A., & Maullana, I. (2024, January 30). Kerisauan Menjadi Penumpang KRL, “Rush Hour” Jadi Momok. Kompas.com
Roncoli, C., Chandakas, E., & Kaparias, I. (2023). Estimating on-board passenger comfort in public transport vehicles using incomplete automatic passenger counting data. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 146, 103963. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRC.2022.103963
Ryu, S., Park, B. B., & El-Tawab, S. (2020). WiFi Sensing System for Monitoring Public Transportation Ridership: A Case Study. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 24(10), 3092–3104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-0316-7
Santika, E. F. (2023). Tren Pengguna KRL Commuter line Cenderung Meningkat Sepanjang 2022. Https://Databoks.Katadata.Co.Id.
Sarp, S., Kuzlu, M., Jovanovic, V., Polat, Z., & Guler, O. (2024). Digitalization of railway transportation through AI-powered services: digital twin trains. European Transport Research Review, 16(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-024-00679-5
Saw, Y. Q., Dissanayake, D., Ali, F., & Bentotage, T. (2020). Passenger satisfaction towards metro infrastructures, facilities and services. Transportation Research Procedia, 48, 3980–3995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.290
Schneider, A., Krueger, E., Vollenwyder, B., Thurau, J., & Elfering, A. (2021). Understanding the relations between crowd density, safety perception and risk-taking behavior on train station platforms: A case study from Switzerland. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100390
Seriani, S., Aprigliano, V., Gonzalez, S., Baeza, G., Lopez, A., & Fujiyama, T. (2024). The Effect of Seat Layout on the Interaction of Passengers Inside the Train Carriage: An Experimental Approach for Urban Services. Sustainability, 16(3), 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16030998
Seriani, S., Barriga, J. M., Pena, A., Valencia, A., Aprigliano, V., Jorquera, L., Pinto, H., Valenzuela, M., & Fujiyama, T. (2022). Analyzing the Effect of Crowds on Passenger Behavior Inside Urban Trains through Laboratory Experiments—A Pilot Study. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214882
Sharma, B., Pellegrini, P., Rodriguez, J., & Chaudhary, N. (2023). A review of passenger-oriented railway rescheduling approaches. European Transport Research Review, 15(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-023-00587-0
Shimizu, S., Hattori, R., Kodaira, T., Ito, D., & Imai, Y. (2024). Development of Reward-Based Crowd Management System and Field Evaluation of Safety and Profitability. Journal of Disaster Research, 19(2), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0316
Sivasubramaniyam, V., Ramasamy, S., Karthikeyan, V., Losito, M., & Gatto, G. (2025). Review on environmental and mobility applications based real-time sensors. Discover Applied Sciences, 7(4), 302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06720-z
Solihati, K. D., & Indriyani, D. (2021). Managing Artificial Intelligence on Public Transportation (Case Study Jakarta City, Indonesia). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 717(1), 012021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/717/1/012021
Stojanovski, T. (2020). Urban design and public transportation – public spaces, visual proximity and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). Journal of Urban Design, 25(1), 134–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2019.1592665
Sugiono, S., Sulistyorini, D. H., Sakinah, N., & Nugroho, W. S. (2022). Re-designing of railway carriages to increase ergonomic and accessible: a case study of indonesian railway. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 4(1 (118)), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.253415
Susanti, D. (2022, November 2). A Brief Overview of the Indonesian Personal Data Protection Law. Schinder Law Firm.
Tillman, B., Fitts, D. J., Woodson, W. E., Rose-Sundholm, R., & Tillman, P. (2016). Human Factors and Ergonomics Design Handbook (3rd Edition). McGraw-Hill Education. https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9780071702874
Tjahjono, T., Kusuma, A., & Septiawan, A. (2020). The Greater Jakarta Area Commuters Travelling Pattern. Transportation Research Procedia, 47, 585–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.03.135
Transportation Research Board. (2013). TCRP Report 165: Transit capacity and quality of service manual. National Academy of Sciences.
Tuncel, K. S., Koutsopoulos, H. N., & Ma, Z. (2024). Data-Driven Real-Time Denied Boarding Prediction in Urban Railway Systems. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2678(4), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981231184237
Verawati, K., Hadi, W., Purnomo, A., Prasetyo, A. C., & Valdeza, S. (2024). Arena simulation modeling for electric rail train passenger queues at Manggarai Station. 030004. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0210237
Wang, J., Ren, Y., Ye, Z., & Tang, Z. (2023). LRE-Net: A Vision-Based real-time rail extraction method under Metro tunnel low-light scene. Measurement, 221, 113567. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEASUREMENT.2023.113567
Welle, B. , K. A. , T. T. H. (2023). Post-pandemic, public transport needs to get back on track to meet global climate goals. World Resources Institute, Https://Www.Wri.Org/Insights/Current-State-of-Public-Transport-Climate-Goals.
Yamauchi, T., Takamatsu, M., & Imahori, S. (2023). Optimizing train stopping patterns for congestion management. Public Transport, 15(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-021-00286-w
Yuda Bakti, I. G. M., Rakhmawati, T., Sumaedi, S., & Damayanti, S. (2020). Railway commuter line passengers’ perceived service quality: Hedonic and utilitarian framework. Transportation Research Procedia, 48, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.016
Zhang, L., Long, R., & Chen, H. (2019). Carbon emission reduction potential of urban rail transit in China based on electricity consumption structure. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 142, 113–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.019
CITEDNESS IN SCOPUS
CITEDNESS IN WOS
